Historians consider the Papal bull Unam sanctam—which proclaimed that there is no salvation outside of the Church—to be one of the most extreme statements of Papal spiritual supremacy ever made. It arose from the Pope's feud with Philip the Fair of France, in which each attempted to prevent the other from receiving money from taxes, and it highlights the conflict between temporal and spiritual authority in the Middle Ages. How did Philip respond to the bull?

The Zapatista Army of National Liberation is a revolutionary group founded in the southern state of Chiapas, Mexico. It views itself as the philosophical heir to the movement started by Emiliano Zapata in the early 20th century under the slogan "land and liberty." It represents indigenous people and is committed to opposing policies that hurt the working poor, especially farmers. The Zapatistas broke onto the international scene the same day that what agreement became operational?

The Sound of Music, with a score by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, opened on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre. Mary Martin starred as Maria, and Theodore Bikel played the role of Captain Georg von Trapp. The Tony Award-winning production ran for 1,443 performances. Productions in London, Japan, and Australia followed, as did the phenomenally successful 1965 film, starring Julie Andrews. What are some of the differences between the stage and screen versions?

On this day, Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca deposed Emperor Pedro II, declared Brazil a republic, and began reorganizing the country's government. The republicans named Fonseca president, but his government was divided by the animosity between him and his vice president, Floriano Peixoto, and public opinion of the president soon soured. Instability and violence characterized the decade that followed. What export crop led to significant developments in Brazil's economy during this period?

Inspired by his whaling experiences on the South Seas, Herman Melville penned Moby-Dick, the now famed tale of a deranged whaling captain's obsessive voyage to find and destroy the great white whale to whom he lost his leg. The novel is at once an exciting sea story, a sociological critique of American prejudices, a repository of information about whaling, and a philosophical inquiry into the nature of good and evil. What may have inspired Melville to name his whale Moby-Dick?

After the DeFeo family was discovered murdered in their beds, Ronald DeFeo Jr., the family's only surviving member, was placed under police protection. Investigators initially believed a mob hit man had committed the crime, but DeFeo soon confessed and was convicted of murdering his parents and four siblings. A number of controversies surround the case, especially regarding the possible involvement of DeFeo's sister Dawn. What best-selling novel and series of films did these events inspire?

"The Bay Bridge," officially known as The James "Sunny Jim" Rolph Bridge, is a toll bridge that links the California cities of Oakland and San Francisco. With 280,000 vehicles crossing it each day, it is one of the busiest bridges in the US. San Francisco residents first recognized the need for a bridge spanning San Francisco Bay during the California Gold Rush. What self-proclaimed "Emperor of these United States" decreed in the early 1870s that the bridge should be built?

This battle, which took place during WWII, marked the first all-aircraft naval attack in history. The results were definitive, as British planes destroyed much of the Italian fleet anchored in Taranto. The battle is seen as a turning point in military history, marking the end of the reign of "big-gun" battleships and leading to the rise of naval air power. Certain aspects of the attack were studied as part of the planning for what other notorious aerial bombardment?

The UN General Assembly's Resolution 3379 equated the philosophy of Zionism, which is concerned with the support and development of the State of Israel as a Jewish homeland, with racism. The resolution was revoked in 1991, but majority votes of various UN agencies continued to assert that "Zionism is racism." Further complicating the matter was the fact that it was the UN's 1947 Partition Plan that first led to the establishment of the State of Israel. How did Israel respond to Resolution 3379?

During this coup, Bonaparte overthrew the weakened government of the Directory, replaced it with the Consulate, and secured his own election as First Consul. This marked a major turning point in the history of the French Revolution, replacing earlier experiments in democracy with a more stable but autocratic rule. The coup was instigated by Emmanuel Sieyès as an attempt to prevent a return to Jacobinism, but Bonaparte soon seized control. Who saved Bonaparte from a group of angry politicians?